Asset Valuation - Basic Components

Assets are valued using absolute value, relative value, or option pricing models, which require different inputs. Asset Something or someone of any value; any portion of one's property or effects so considered,liability An obligation, debt or responsibility owed to someone. valuation The process of estimating the market value of a financial asset or liability.

Basic Asset Valuation

In finance, valuation is the process of estimating what something is worth. Items that are usually valued are a financial asset or liability. Valuations can be done on assets (for example, investments in marketable securities such as stocks, options, business enterprises, or intangible assets such as patents and trademarks) or on liabilities (e.g., bonds issued by a company). Valuations are needed for many reasons such as investment analysis, capital budgeting, merger and acquisition transactions, financial reporting, taxable events to determine the proper tax liability, and in litigation.

Appraised Value

     
Sometimes, neither of the items exchanged has a clearly determinable fair market value. Then, accountants record exchanges of items at their appraised values as determined by a professional appraiser. An appraised value is an expert's opinion of an item's fair market price if the item were sold. Appraisals are used often to value works of art, rare books, antiques, and real estate.

Book Value

    
The book value of a fixed asset asset is its recorded cost less accumulated depreciation. An old asset's book value is usually not a valid indication of the new asset's fair market value. However, if a better basis is not available, a firm could use the book value of the old asset.

Occasionally, a company receives an asset without giving up anything for it. For example, to attract industry to an area and provide jobs for local residents, a city may give a company a tract of land on which to build a factory. Although such a gift costs the recipient company nothing, it usually records the asset (land) at its fair market value. Accountants record gifts of plant assets at fair market value to provide information on all assets owned by the company. Omitting some assets may make information provided misleading. They would credit assets received as gifts to a stockholders' equity account titled Paid-in Capital—Donations.

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